Country Book Score # of-Studies Adjusted Score Sample size Age Approx. Year Test Type Reported Score Flynn Effect Brits = 100 Other Country Test standardized Author (see book's bibliography) Notes Country-Study Argentina 96 2 93 "1,680" 9 to 15 1944 PM 86 7 UK 1979 Rimoldi 1948 Progressive Matrices - Standardization Argentina 98 420 5 to 11 1993 CPM 101 -3 UK 1979 Raven 1998 Coloured Progressive Matrices - Standardization Argentina Australia 98 3 97 "35,000" 9 to 13 1936 AOT 95 2 McIntyre 1938 "American Otis Test - standardized in US on whites, so raised 2 points " Australia 98 5 to 10 1980 CPM 98 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Norms Australia 99 8 to 17 1986 SPM 100.5 -1.5 UK 1979 Raven 1996 Standardization Australia Austria 102 2 101 187 adults 1979 Cattell 103 -2 Buj 1981 "A multination study using Cattell's Culture Fair Test) British IQ was 102, so everything cut by 2 " Austria 103 67 13 1969 SPM 101 2 UK 1979 Moyles 1973 Austria Barbados 78 1 78 108 9 to 15 1984 WISC-R 82 -4 US 1972 Geller 1986 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Barbados Belgium 100 3 99 944 7 to 13 1950 CPM 93 6 UK 1979 Goosens 1952a Standardization Belgium 103 920 10 to 16 1950 Cattel 104 -1 Goosens 1952b Standardization. Uses same sample as CPM above Belgium 98 247 adults 1979 Cattell 100 -2 Buj 1981 "No Flynn adjustment for Buj data -- Cattell standardized in US 1972, so it would be small " Belgium Brazil 87 4 88 160 14 1966 SPM 85.5 2.5 UK 1979 Natalicio 1968 Brazil 84 505 7 to 11 1966 CPM 81 3 UK 1979 Angelini 1988 "Standardization-L&V just give adjusted score, not raw scores " Brazil 90 "1,131" 5 to 11 1982 CPM 91 -1 UK 1979 Angelini 1989 "Standardization-L&V just give adjusted score, not raw scores " Brazil 85 "1,547" 5 to 11 1988 CPM 86 -2 UK 1979 Angelini 1990 "Standardization-L&V just give adjusted score, not raw scores " Brazil Bulgaria 93 2 94 215 adults 1979 Cattell 96 -2 Buj 1981 Bulgaria 91 "1,456" 11 to 17 1982 Cattell 95 -3 -1 US 1972 Lynn Paspalanova 1998 Standardization Bulgaria Canada 97 1 97 313 7 to 12 1979 SPM 97 UK 1979 Raven 1996 norms Canada China 100 4 100 "5,108" 5 to 16 1986 SPM 101 -1 UK 1979 Raven 1996 "Norms, 5,108 includes both kids and adults, collected by Zhang " China 92.5 18 to 80 1986 SPM 91.5 2 -1 US 1993 Raven-Zhang "Norms, 5,108 includes both kids and adults, collected by Zhang " China 103.4 660 6 to 16 1984 WISC-R 112.4 -3 -2 -4 US 1974 Li 1990 "Standardization, but Shanghai-only sample, arbitrarily reduced to give national estimate " China 103 297 14 to 15 1994 ad hoc 103 Minn Li 1996 Beijing versus Minneapolis average of 100 (both smart cities) China Colombia 89 1 95 50 13 to 16 white boys 1998 WISC-R Span. 98 -2 -1 Spain 1991 Ardila 2000 "Adj 95 for whites, estimated 89 for racial mix of Colombia " Colombia Congo (Brazzaville) 73 2 73 320 17 to 29 1950 SPM 64 9 US 1993 Ombredane 1952 "Mean score below 1st percentile of American norms, assigned score of 64. " Congo (Brazzaville) 72 88 13 1992 SPM 75 -3 UK 1979 Nkaya 1994 At school in Brazzaville Congo (Zaire) 65 4 68 222 10 to 15 1957 PM 64 4 UK 1979 Laroche 1959 Below 1st percentile of British norms Congo (Zaire) 62 47 8 1991 K-ABC 65 -3 US 1982 Boivin 1993 Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Congo (Zaire) 68 95 7 to 12 1993 K-ABC 71 -3 US 1982 Boivin 1995 Congo (Zaire) 65 130 7 to 9 1994 K-ABC 68 -3 US 1982 "Giordani, Boivin 1996 " Congo (Zaire) Croatia 90 1 90 299 13 to 16 1952 SPM 84.5 5.5 UK 1979 Sorokin 1954 Croatia Cuba 85 1 85 "1,144" 12 to 18 1971 SPM 83 2 UK 1979 Alonso 1974 Cuba Czech Republic 97 2 98 363 adults 1979 Cattell 100 -2 Buj 1981 Book gives same two studies for both Czech Republic and Slovakia Czechloslovakia (Czechloslovakia) 832 5 to 11 1983 CPM 97 -1 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Standardization Czechloslovakia Denmark 98 2 97 628 12 1966 SPM 94 3 UK 1979 Vejleskov 1968 Denmark 99 122 adults 1979 Cattell 101 -2 Buj 1981 Denmark Ecuador 80 1 80 104 5 to 17 1998 MAT 85 -3 -2 US 1983 Proctor 2000 Matrix Analogies Test Ecuador Egypt 83 1 83 129 6 to 12 1987 SPM 85 -2 UK 1979 Ahmed 1989 Egypt Equatorial Guinea 59 1 59 48 10 to 14 1984 WISC-R 63 -4 US 1972 Fernandez-Ballesteros 1997 Is WISC-R culturally appropriate? Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia (Falasha) 63 1 63 250 15 1989 SPM 65 -2 UK 1979 Kaniel 1991 Falasha Jewish immigrants to Israel Ethiopia (Falasha) Fiji 84 1 Fiji Fijians 84 76 12 1973 AQT 85 -1 Australia 1968 Chandra 1975 Australian Queensland Test - ethnic Fijians Fiji Indians 84 140 12 1973 AQT 85 -1 Australia 1968 Chandra 1975 Australian Queensland Test - ethnic Indians Fiji Finland 97 2 98 755 7 1970 CPM 96 2 UK 1979 Kyostio 1972 Norms - various locations Finland 96 120 adults 1979 Cattell 98 -2 Buj 1981 Finland France 98 3 96.5 618 6 to 9 1962 CPM 93.5 3 UK 1979 Bourdier 1964 Standardization France 102.5 328 6 to 11 1962 CMMS 103.5 -1 US 1959 Dague 1964 Columbia Mental Maturity Scale standardization; Why no British adjustment? France 94 "1,320" adults 1979 Cattell 96 -2 Buj 1981 France "Germany, United " 102 7 "Germany, United" "Germany, West " 103 4 107 "1,572" adults 1979 Cattell 109 -2 Buj 1981 "Germany, West" 99 563 5 to 7 1970 CPM 97 2 UK 1979 Winkelman 1972 Standardization "Germany, West" 101 "3,607" 6 to 10 1978 CPM 101 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Standardization "Germany, West" 105 "2,068" 11 to 15 1978 SPM 105 UK 1979 Raven 1981 Standardization "Germany, West" "Germany, East " 95 3 90 454 7 to 11 1967 CPM 87 3 UK 1979 Kurth 1969 City of Rostock "Germany, East" 97 1984 SPM 98 -1 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Obtained by Guthke "Germany, East" 99 " about 1,000 " 11 to 15 1978 SPM 99 UK 1979 Raven 1981 Obtained by Melhorn "Germany, East" Ghana 71 2 80 225 adults 1979 Cattell 82 -2 Buj 1981 in Akkra Ghana 62 "1,639" avg 15 1990 CPM 64 -2 UK 1979 Glewwe 1992 "representative sample of adolescents, averaged below 1st percentile, assigned 64 " Ghana Greece 92 2 88 400 9 to 14 1961 WISC 91 -5 2 US 1947 Fatouros 1972 WISC standardized so whites = 1000 Greece 95 220 adults 1979 Cattell 97 -2 Buj 1981 Greece Guatemala 79 256 children 1965 Draw-a-Man 85 -1 -5 Johnson 1967 Mean IQ for white Americans at time = 105 Guatemala Guinea 66 2 61 50 5 to 14 1933 AAPS 61 Nissen 1935 villagers -- American Army Performance Scale Guinea 70 "1,144" young men 1951-1955 SPM 64 8 -2 US 1993 Faverge 1962 "At technical training centers - below 1st percentile, assigned 64 " Guinea Hong Kong 107 5 103.4 "13,822" 6 to 13 1968 SPM 101.3 2.1 UK 1979 "Lynn, Pagliari 1988 " Hong Kong 110 "4,500" 6 to 15 1982 SPM 110.4 -0.4 UK 1979 "Lynn, Pagliari 1988 " Hong Kong 109 "4,858" 6 1981-1984 CPM 110 -1 UK 1979 "Chan, Lynn 1989 " Hong Kong 107 197 10 1986 PM 108 -1 UK 1979 "Lynn, Pagliari 1988 " Hong Kong 107 376 9 1986 Cattell 113 -4 -2 US 1972 "Lynn, Hampson 1988 " Hong Kong Hungary 99 1 99 260 adults 1979 Cattell 101 -2 Buj 1981 Hungary India 81 4 81 "5,607" 9 to 15 1959 CPM 77 4 UK 1979 Sinha 1968 "Summary of 9 normative studies in Ahmedabad, Trivandrum, Patna, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Cuttack, and Tiru " India 82 "1,050" 5 to 10 1968 CPM 80 2 UK 1979 Rao 1968 Standardization - urban and rural Andra Pradesh India 82 569 11 to 15 1992 SPM 84 -2 UK 1979 Raven 1996 Norms - in Dehli India 78 748 9 to 12 1986 WISC-R 82 -4 US 1972 Azfal 1988 India Indonesia 89 1 89 school children 1959 Draw-A-Man 96 -7 US 1926 Thomas 1961 Bandung city Indonesia Iran 84 1 84 627 about 15 1957 SPM 80 4 UK 1979 Valentine 1959 Iran Iraq 87 2 87 204 14 to 17 1968 PM 85 2 UK 1979 Abul-Hubb 1972 Standardizaton Iraq 87 "1,185" 18 to 35 1968 PM 85 4 -2 US 1993 Abul-Hubb 1972 Standardizaton Iraq Ireland 93 2 87 "3,466" 6 to 13 1972 SPM 86 1 UK 1979 Raven 1981 Norms Ireland 98 75 adults 1979 Cattell 100 -2 Buj 1981 Ireland Israel 94 2 97 180 10 to 12 1975 ALTT 100 -2 -1 US 1964 Miron 1977 American Lorge-Thorndike Test Israel 90 "1,740" 9 to 15 1989 SPM 92 -2 UK 1979 Kaniel 1991 Israel Italy 102 2 103 "2,432" 11 to 16 1960 SPM 99 4 UK 1979 Tesi 1962 Norms Italy 101 "1,380" adults 1979 Cattell 103 -2 US Buj 1981 Italy Jamaica 72 1 72 "1,730" 11 1961 BMHT 72 Manley 1963 British Moray House Test Jamaica Japan 105 10 102 1951 WISC 103 -1 -2 2 US 1947 Lynn 1977a "Standardization of performance (nonverbal) subtests, WISC standardized on American whites " Japan 106 1980 JKNX & APMA 110 -2 -2 US 1962 "Lynn, Dziobon 1980 " Japanese Kyoto NX test and American Primary Mental Abilities test compared to 213 Northern Irish children Japan 109 780 4 to 9 1980 CMMS 113 -2 -2 US 1972 Misawa 1984 Columbia Mental Maturity Scale - Standardization Japan 104 240 6 and 10 1983 Ad hoc 100 -1 5 Minneapolis 1985 Stevenson 1985 Sendai vs. Minneapolis (Minnesota 5 points above US average) Japan 103 "1,100" 6 to 16 1975 WISC-R 105 -1 -1 US 1972 Lynn Hampson 1986a "Comparison of standardizations, L&V give adjusted score of 102, not 103 " Japan 99 550 2.5 to 8.5 1975 McCarthy 101.7 -0.7 -2 US 1971 Lynn Hampson 1986b Comparison of standardizations Japan 105 600 4 to 6 1967 WPPS 107.8 -0.8 -2 US 1964 "Lynn, Hampson 1987 " Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale Japan 110 444 9 1989 SPM 112 -2 UK 1979 "Shigehisa, Lynn 1991 " Japan 103.9 454 5 to 7 1990 CCAT 106.9 -3 Canada 1989 Takeuchi 1992 Canadian Cognitive Abilities Test - city of Nagoya Japan 106 239 14-15 1994 Ad hoc 103 -2 5 Li 1996 City of Toyama compared to 100 in Minneapolis-St. Paul Japan Kenya 72 2 69 205 adults 1983 CPM 69 2 -2 US 1993 Boissiere 1985 Kenya 75 "1,222" 6 to 10 1998 CPM 79 -4 UK 1979 Costenbader 2000 Kenya Lebanon 86 1 86 416 5 to 10 1955 Draw-a-Man 89 -3 US 1926 Dennis 1957 Lebanon Malaysia 92 1 92 "5,412" 7 to 12 1992 SPM 94.5 -2.5 UK 1979 Chaim 1994 Norms Malaysia Marshall Islands 84 1 83.5 407 12 to 18 1961 Cattell 87.5 -3 -1 US 1947 Jordheim 1963 Norms Marshall Islands Mexico 87 1 86.5 520 6 to 13 1961 Draw-a-Man 86.5 Modiano 1962 Native American & mestizo children in southern Mexico - 87 comes from blending white 96 (9% of population) and this 86.5. Mexico Mexican-Americans 88 3 84 597 6 to 11 1972 CPM 82 2 UK 1979 Raven 1986 "Mexican children in California ""representative sample"" " Mexican-Americans 95 434 6 to 11 1972 CPM 94 1 UK 1979 Raven 1986 Mexican American children in Texas Mexican-Americans 84 404 9 to 12 SPM 84 UK 1979 Raven 1986 Texas Mexican-Americans Morocco (in Netherlands) 85 2 84 167 1995 DGITB 84 Te Nijenhuis 1997 "Dutch General Intelligence Test Battery (69 on vocabulary subtest excluded), Dutch = 100 - Moroccan immigrants in the Netherlands " Morocco 85 200 5 to 7 LPT 85 Hamers 1996 Learning Potential Test - Immigrants in Netherlands - IQ of 85 relative to Dutch 100 Morocco Nepal 78 1 78 807 4 to 16 1958 Draw-a-Man 78 Sundberg 1968 78 relative to American simultaneous American norms Nepal Netherlands 102 3 107 333 adults 1979 Cattell 109 -2 Buj 1981 Netherlands 99 1984 CPM 99.5 -0.5 UK 1979 Van Bon-Raven 1995 Norms Netherlands 101 "4,032" 6 to 12 1992 SPM 104 -3 UK 1979 Raven 1996 Norms Netherlands New Zealand 100 2 99 "26,000" 9 to 15 1938 AOT 99 Redmond 1940 American Otis Test New Zealand 101 "3,108" 8 to 17 1984 SPM 102 -1 UK 1979 Reid 1989 New Zealand Nigeria 67 2 64 86 adult men 1965 SPM 64 UK 1979 Wober 1969 "Below bottom of table- equivalent to 6.5 year old, assigned 64 - no Flynn adjustment? " Nigeria 69 375 6 to 13 1973 CPM 70 -1 UK 1979 Fahrmeier 1975 Shouldn't they have added a point for Flynn adjustment? Nigeria Norway 98 1 98 100 adults 1979 Cattell 100 -2 Buj 1981 Norway Peru 90 1 89 "4,382" 8 to 11 1993 CPM 90 -1 UK 1979 Raven 1995 "Native American and mestizos (assume whites = 95 and are 12% of population)-If date was 1993, then negative Flynn adjustment should have been bigger " Peru Philippines 86 1 86 203 12 to 13 SPM 86 UK 1979 Flores 1972 Why no Flynn adjustment of +2 points Philippines Poland 99 2 92 "4,006" 6 to 15 1989 SPM 94 -2 UK 1979 Jaworowska 1991 Biggest differential between tests Poland 106 835 adults 1979 Cattell 108 -2 Buj 1981 Poland Portugal 95 2 101 242 adults 1979 Cattell 103 -2 Buj 1981 2nd biggest differential between tests Portugal 88 807 6 to 12 1987 CPM 90 -2 UK 1979 Simoes 1989 Portugal Puerto Rico 84 2 83 "2,400" 5 to 11 1975 CPM 83 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Norms Puerto Rico 84 "2,911" 8 to 15 1977 SPM 84 UK 1979 Raven 1989 Norms Puerto Rico Qatar 78 1 78 273 12 SPM 78 UK 1979 Bart 1987 No Flynn adjustment? Qatar Romania 94 1 94 300 6 to 10 1972 CPM 95 -1 UK 1979 Zahirnic 1974 Norms Romania Russia 94 1 96 14 to 15 1997 SPM 100 -4 UK 1979 Raven 1998 "Norms, city of Briansk, 200 miles SW of Moscow " Russia Sierra Leone 64 2 64 22 23 1965 CPM 64 US 1993 Binnie-Dawson 1984 "Tiny sample; skilled workers -- below 1st percentile, assigned 64; No Flynn adjustment? " Sierra Leone 64 60 adults 1964 CPM 64 UK 1979 Berry 1966 No Flynn adjustment? Sierra Leone Singapore - Total 103 2 Assuming Ethnic Indians average 81 and are 7% of Singapore's population Singapore Singapore-Chinese 147 13 1974 SPM 106 1.5 UK 1979 Lynn 1977b Ethnic Chinese are 76% of Singapore's population Singapore Singapore-Malay 92 190 13 1974 SPM 90.5 1.5 UK 1979 Lynn 1977b Ethnic Malays are 14 percent Singapore Slovakia 96 "In book, same results given for both Czech Republic and Slovakia (tests done while still united) " Slovakia Slovenia 95 1 95 "1,556" 8 to 18 1998 SPM 99 -4 UK 1979 Standardization Slovenia South Africa 72 4 Weighted average based on population %s South Africa Blacks 66 5 South Africa Indians 83 2 South Africa Coloreds 82 2 South Africa Whites 94 1 South Africa Blacks 65 293 10 to 14 1920s AABT 65 US c. 1917 Fick 1929 American Army Beta Test (non-verbal) South Africa Indians 77 762 10 to 14 1920s AABT 77 US c. 1917 Fick 1929 South Africa Coloreds 84 "4,921" 10 to 14 1920s AABT 84 US c. 1917 Fick 1929 South Africa Blacks 75 "1,008" 8 to 16 1948 SPM 69 6 UK 1979 Notcutt 1950 Norms South Africa Blacks 64 703 adults 1948 SPM 64 UK 1979 Notcutt 1950 "Norms - below bottom (7.5 mental age), no Flynn adjustment? " South Africa Whites 94 "1,056" 16 1990 SPM 96 -2 UK 1979 Owen 1992 Norms South Africa Blacks 67 "1,096" 16 1990 SPM 69 -2 UK 1979 Owen 1992 Norms South Africa Indians 88 "1,063" 16 1990 SPM 90 -2 UK 1979 Owen 1992 Norms South Africa Coloreds 80 778 16 1990 SPM 82 -2 UK 1979 Owen 1992 Norms South Africa Blacks 63 350 9 1988 SPM 65 -2 UK 1979 Lynn Holmshaw 1990 South Africa South Korea 106 2 104.7 440 2 to 12 1986 K-ABC 107.2 -1.5 -1 US 1981 Moon 1988 Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children standardization South Korea 106.4 107 9 1992 SPM 109 -2.6 UK 1979 Lynn Song 1994 South Korea Spain 97 2 98 848 adults 1979 Cattell 100 -2 Buj 1981 Spain 96 1992 CPM 99 -3 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Norms Spain Unused 90 "113,749" conscripts SPM 90 UK 1979 Nieto-Alegre 1967 "unused: ""of low educational level and unrepresentative""; Flynn adjustment would raise to at least 93 " Spain Sudan 72 1 72 148 8 to 12 SPM 74 -2 UK 1979 Ahmed 1989 Sudan 73.5 291 children 1954 Four tests 73.5 Fahmy 1964 "Shilluks -- ""primitive Nilotic Negro tribe."" Tests: Goddard Formboard, Porteus Maze, Alexander Passalong, and Draw-a-Man, date of standardizations of first three unknown; a Flynn adjustment would probably raise score slightly " Sudan Suriname (in Netherlands) 89 1 89 535 mean age 30 DGATB 89 Te Nijenhuis 1997 "Immigrants in Netherlands, Dutch General Aptitude Test Battery-relative to Dutch=100 " Suriname Sweden 101 2 97 "1,106" 6 to 15 1968 WISC 104 -7 -2 2 US 1947 Skandinaviska 1970 Standardization. Other adj.: WISC standardized on American whites Sweden 104 205 adults 1979 Cattell 106 -2 Buj 1981 Sweden Switzerland 101 3 101 163 adults 1979 Cattell 103 -2 Buj 1981 Switzerland 99 not given 6 to 10 1970 CPM 97 2 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Standardization Switzerland 102 167 6 to 10 1989 CPM 104 -2 UK 1979 Raven 1995 Standardization Switzerland Taiwan 104 4 101 "1,290" 16 1956 Cattell 105 -2 -2 US 1947 Rodd 1959 Taiwan 103.5 "43,825" First grade 1975 CPM 102.7 0.8 UK 1979 Hsu 1976 All first graders in Taipei- avg. 6.8 years Taiwan 105 480 6 to 10 ad hoc 100 5 Stevenson 1985 Same as Minneapolis (105); should subtract two to equivalize to British Taiwan 105 "2,496" 9 to 12 1989 SPM 106.6 -1.6 UK 1979 Lynn 1997b Raven 1996 Norms Taiwan Tanzania 72 2 78 "2,959" high schoolers 1965 SPM 75 3 UK 1979 Klingelhofer 1967 "Secondary school students, average age 17 " Tanzania 65 179 adults 1983 CPM 65 2 -2 US 1993 Boissiere 1985 Tanzania Thailand 91 1 91 8 to 10 CPM 91 UK 1979 Pollitt 1989 No Flynn adjustment? Thailand Tonga and Western Samoa 87 2 86 80 8 to 9 PAT 86 Beck 1983 "Progressive Achievement Test, Polynesians from Tonga & Western Samoa in Auckland, NZ " Tonga 87.5 65 8 to 17 1984 SPM 88.5 -1 UK 1979 Reid 1989 Standardization - subset of 65 ethnic Pacific Islanders Tonga Turkey 90 1 90 "2,277" 6 to 15 1992 SPM 93 -3 UK 1979 Sahin 1994 Standardization Turkey Turks in Netherlands 2 Turks in Netherlands Turkish immigrants-Netherlands 88 mean age 24 DGATB 88 Te Nijenhuis 1997 Excluding vocabulary subtest Turks in Netherlands Turkish children-Netherlands 85 5 to 7 LPT 85 Hamers 1996 Learning Potential Test Turks in Netherlands Uganda 73 1 73 "2,019" 11 1972 CPM 72 1 UK 1979 Heyneman 1980 Uganda United Kingdom 100 The UK average IQ is assumed to be 100 by default United Kingdom United States 98 4 100 1914 Stanford Binet 100 5 -3 -2 Scotland 1933 Lynn 1979 Stanford Binet standardized on whites only so 2 points too high; Calibrated vs. Scottish 11 year olds in 1933. Scots three points below Brits as whole United States 97 1932 Terman Merrill 97.5 4.5 -3 -2 Scotland 1947 Scottish Council 1949 Calibrated vs. Scottish 11 year olds in 1947 United States 98 "64,000" 13-18 1972 DAT 97 1 UK 1978 Hodgkiss 1978 "Differential Aptitude Test-Standardized in Britain on 10,000 adolescents in 1978 " United States 98 adults 1993 SPM 98 UK 1992 Raven 1996 Relative to 1992 standardization in Britain United States Uruguay 96 2 93 "1,634" adolescents 1957 SPM 89 4 UK 1979 Risso 1961 "Adolescents + adults = 1,634 sample size " Urugauy 98 adults 1957 SPM 93 7 -2 US 1993 Risso 1961 Western Samoa 87 Same data as Tonga (mixed Tongan-Samoan sample in New Zealand) Western Samoa Zambia 77 1 77 759 13 1962 SPM 74 3 UK 1979 MacArthur 1964 Schoolchildren Zambia Zimbabwe 66 2 61.1 12 to 14 1992 WISC-R 67.1 -6 US 1972 Zindi 1994 "Same sample, two tests " Zimbabwe 70 12 to 14 SPM 72.4 -2.4 UK 1979 Zindi 1994 "Same sample, two tests (assumed to be Standard, not Colored Progressive Matrices)"